Electromagnetics

Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss law and stokes theorem, Maxewell's equation: differential and integral forms.Wave equation, Poynting vector. Plane waves: propagation through various media; reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity; skin depth. Transmission lines: characteristic impedance; impedance transformation;Smith chart; impedance matching; pulse excitation. Waveguides: modes in rectangular waveguides; boundary conditionds; cut-off frequencies; dispersion relations. Antennas: Dipole antennas; antenna arrays; radiation pattern; reciprocity theorem,antenna gain.

 GAUSS LAW:
    The total of the electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to the magnitude of the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity of free space. As a mathematical equation, it looks like this